Introduction

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is one of Australia’s most significant health challenges. As the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the country, it affects thousands of Australians each year.

Early detection and awareness are crucial in the fight against this disease, as they can dramatically improve survival rates.

This article aims to provide essential information about bowel cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, screening methods, and preventive measures, empowering you to take control of your health.

What is Bowel Cancer?

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, develops from the inner lining of the bowel and is usually preceded by growths called polyps, which may become invasive cancer if undetected. Depending on where the cancer begins, bowel cancer may be called colon or rectal cancer.¹ The disease often develops from pre-existing polyps, which are small growths that can become cancerous over time if not detected and removed.

Key Statistics

Bowel cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Australia, highlighting the importance of awareness and early intervention. Here are some key statistics from the Australian Bowel Cancer Report 2024²:

• Incidence: An estimated 15,500 Australians will be diagnosed with bowel cancer in 2024.
• Mortality: Approximately 5,500 Australians are expected to die from bowel cancer this year.
• Survival Rates: The 5-year survival rate for bowel cancer is now at 70%, thanks to improvements in early detection and treatment methods.
• Age Factor: Most bowel cancer cases occur in individuals over 50, but younger people are increasingly being diagnosed. The global incidence of bowel cancer in younger people has been rising since the 1980s, with a 266% increase in incidence rates among adolescents and young adults over the past three decades. This means that one in 10 new bowel cancer cases occur in people under the age of 50.

These statistics underscore the critical need for regular screening and public awareness about bowel cancer’s risks and symptoms.

The Importance of Screening

Early detection through screening plays a vital role in reducing mortality from bowel cancer. When diagnosed early, the treatment success rate is significantly higher, and the chances of a full recovery are greatly improved. From 1 July 2024, the eligible screening age for the program has been lowered from 50 to 45 years. People aged 45 to 49 can request their first bowel cancer screening kit. People aged 50 to 74 will continue to receive a bowel cancer screening kit every 2 years. You can request your first free kit by submitting a webform or calling 1800 627 701.

The program utilises a non-invasive test called the Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT), which can detect hidden blood in the stool, an early sign of potential cancer ³.

A colonoscopy may be recommended if the FOBT results are positive. This procedure involves using a camera to visually examine the inside of the colon and rectum, allowing for the removal of polyps and the biopsy of any suspicious areas.

Participation Matters: Despite the availability of this life-saving program, participation rates remain lower than desired. Only 43.5% of eligible Australians completed their screening in 2023. Increasing participation in screening program is crucial to reducing the impact of bowel cancer across the nation.

Despite the benefits of regular screening, several barriers prevent people from participating⁶:

Lack of Awareness: Many Australians are unaware of the importance of screening and the availability of free programs.

Cultural and Language Barriers: Diverse communities may face challenges understanding the process or its significance. Tailored educational initiatives are essential to bridge these gaps.

Fear or Embarrassment: Some individuals may feel uncomfortable discussing or taking the test. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in reassuring patients and encouraging participation.

Taking the home test kit is simple and can be done in the privacy of your own home.

Recognising the Symptoms

Bowel cancer can develop without noticeable symptoms in the early stages, making regular screening essential. However, being aware of the potential symptoms can also lead to an early diagnosis. Common symptoms to watch for include⁴:

• Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea or constipation.
• Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding.
• Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort.
• Unexplained weight loss and fatigue.
• A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely.

According to Bowel Cancer Australia, patients under 50 have an increased risk of developing bowel cancer when they experience one or more of the following symptoms between three months and two years prior to diagnosis:

• Abdominal pain
• Rectal bleeding
• Diarrhoea
• Iron deficiency anaemia

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s essential to consult your GP promptly. While other conditions can cause these symptoms, early consultation is important to addressing any concerns effectively.

Understanding the Risk Factors

Bowel cancer can affect anyone, but certain factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease⁵:

• Age: Risk increases significantly for individuals aged 50 and above.
• Family History: A family history of bowel cancer or hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome can elevate risk.
• Lifestyle Factors: Poor diet, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and obesity are significant contributors. The World Health Organisation has classified processed meats including ham, bacon, salami and frankfurts, as a Group 1 carcinogen (known to cause cancer) which means that there’s strong evidence that processed meats cause cancer ⁷.
• Medical History: Having a history of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, can increase risk.

Prevention Tips

While not all cases of bowel cancer are preventable, adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce your risk significantly:

• Healthy Diet: Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit red and processed meats.
• Regular Exercise: Engage in physical activity regularly to maintain a healthy weight.
• Limit Alcohol and Quit Smoking: Reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking can lower your risk of developing bowel cancer.
• Regular Screening: Ensure you participate in regular screening if you are aged 45-74, as recommended by healthcare guidelines.

Conclusion

Awareness and early detection are your best allies in the fight against bowel cancer. By understanding the risk factors, recognising the symptoms, and participating in regular screening, you can take proactive steps to protect your health.

Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle can play a role in reducing your risk of cancer. Making these small changes can have a big impact on your long-term health.

If you are eligible for the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program, we urge you to participate and encourage your friends and family to do the same.

For more information about bowel cancer, screening programs, and support, visit Bowel Cancer Australia and talk to your GP about the next steps. Together, we can make a difference in the fight against bowel cancer.

National Bowel Cancer Screening Program’s instructions, https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/national-bowel-cancer-screening-program-home-test-kit-instructions?language=en

References:

1. Cancer Council 2023, https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer

2.National bowel cancer screening program monitoring report 2024, AIHW, https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/27f32443-5206-4189-8775-0c1f55a26bc4/aihw-can-160.pdf?v=20240617095924&inline=true

3. About the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 2024. https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/national-bowel-cancer-screening-program/about-the-national-bowel-cancer-screening-program

4. Bowel Cancer Australia, 2024, https://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/symptoms

5. Cancer Council 2023, https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer

6. Understanding barriers to screening, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 2024. https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/ncsp-healthcare-provider-toolkit/barriers-to-screening

7. Cancer Council NSW, Red meat, processed meat and cancer, https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/1in3cancers/lifestyle-choices-and-cancer/red-meat-processed-meat-and-cancer/